Watermelon
Watermelon
by chetram nagar
Watermelon
Fruit
Citrullus lanatus is a plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, a vine-like flowering plant originally from sub-Saharan Africa. It is cultivated for its fruit.
Watermelon Citrullus lanatus var. Lanatus is a scrambling and trailing vine in the flowering plant family Cucurbitaceae. The species originated in southern Africa, and there is evidence of its cultivation in Ancient Egypt. It is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide for its large edible fruit, also known as a watermelon, which is a special kind of berry with a hard rind and no internal division, botanically called a pepo. The sweet, juicy flesh is usually deep red to pink, with many black seeds The fruit can be eaten raw or pickled and the rind is edible after cooking.Considerable breeding has been put in disease-resistant varieties and in developing a "seedless" strain with only digestible white seeds. Many cultivars are available in 100 days of planting the crop
DescriptionWatermelon slicesThe watermelon is a large annual plant with long, weak, trailing or climbing stems, which are five-sided and up to 3 m (10 ft) long. Young growth is densely woolly with yellowish-brown hairs which disappear as the plant ages. The leaves are large, crispy, hairy pinnately-lobed and alternate; They get stiff and rough when old The plant has branching tendrils The white to yellow flowers grow singly in leaf axils and the corolla is white or yellow inside and greenish-yellow on the outside. The flowers are unisexual, with male and female flowers occurring on the same plant (monoecious). The male flowers predominate at the start of the season; The female flowers, which develop later, have inferior ovaries. The styles are united in a single column. There were large fruit this a kind OF modified berry called a pepo with a thick Rind (exocarp) and Fleshy Center (Mesokarp and Andocarp) Kwaild plants Hve fruits deputy then 20 cm (8 in) in Diametr, While Cultivated varieties My Aksseed 60 cm (24 in). The rind of the fruit is mid-to dark green and usually mottled or striped, and the flesh, containing lots of pips spread throughout, can be red or pink (most commonly), orange, yellow, green or white.
HistoryThe watermelon is a flowering plant that has been found in southern Africa, where it is found growing wild. It reached maximum genetic diversity there, with sweet, bland and bitter forms. In the 19th century, Alphonse de Candolleconsidered the watermelon to be indigenous to tropical Africa. Citrullus colocynths is often considered to be a wild ancestor of the watermelon and is now found native in North and West Africa. However, it has been suggested on the basis of chloroplast DNA investigations that the cultivated and wild watermelon diverged independently from a common ancestor, possibly C. ecirrhosus from Namibia.Evidence of its cultivation in the Nile Valley has been found from the second millennium BC onward. Watermelon seeds have been found at Twelfth Dynasty sites and in the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.In the 7th century, watermelons were being cultivated in India, and by the 10th century had reached China, which is today the world's single largest watermelon producer. The Moors introduced the fruit in Spain and there is evidence of it being cultivated in Córdoba in 961 and also in Seville in 1158. It spreads through the north of southern Europe; The fruit was started in European herbals by 1600, and was widely planted in Europe in the 17th century as a small garden crop.European colonists and slaves from Africa introduced the watermelon to the New World. Spanish settlers were growing in Florida in 1576, and it was being grown in Massachusetts by 1629, and by 1650 was being cultivated in Peru, Brazil and Panama, as well as many British and Dutch colonies. Around the same time, Native Americans were cultivating the crop in the Mississippi Valley and Florida. Watermelons were rapidly accepted in Hawaii and other Pacific islands when they were introduced by explorers such as Captain James Cook.Seedless watermelons were initially developed in 1939 by Japanese scientists who were able to make seedless triploid hybrids. Seedless watermelons became more popular in the 21st century, rising to almost 85% of total watermelon sales in the United States in 2014
CultivationWatermelons are tropical or subtropical plants and need temperatures higher than about 25 ° C (77 ° F) to thrive. On a garden scale, seeds are commonly sown in pots under cover and transplanted in well-drained sandy loam with a pH between 5.5 and 7, and medium levels of nitrogen.Major pests of the watermelon include aphids, fruit flies and root-knot nematodes. In conditions of high humidity, the plants are prone to plant diseases such as powdery mildew and mosaic virus. Some varieties are often grown in Japan and other parts of the Far East are susceptible to fusarium wilt. Grafting such varieties on disease-resistant rootstocks offers protection.Seedless watermelonThe US Department of Agriculture recommends using at least one beehive per acre (4,000 m2 per hive) for conventional, seeded varieties for commercial plantings. Seedless hybrids have sterile pollen. This requires planting pollinizer rows of varieties with viable pollen. Since the supply of viable pollen is reduced and pollination is much more critical in producing the seedless variety, the recommended number of hives per acre (pollinator density) increases to three hives per acre (1,300 m2 per hive). Watermelons have a longer growing period than other melons, and can often take 85 days or more from the time of transplanting for the fruit to mature.Farmers of the Zentsuji region of Japan found a way to grow cubic watermelons by growing the fruits in metal and glass boxes and making them receptacle.The cubic shape was originally designed to make the melons easier to stack and store, but Cubic watermelons may be triple the price of the normal ones, so the appeal to be largely to wealthy urban consumers. Pyramid-shaped watermelons have also been developed and any polyhedral shape may be potentially used
VarietiesThe more than 1200 cultivars of watermelon range in weight from less than 1 kg to more than 90 kilograms (200 lb); The flesh can be red, pink, orange, yellow or white
The 'Carolina Cross' produced the current world record for heaviest watermelon, weighing 159 kilograms (351 pounds). It has green skin, red flesh and commonly produces fruit between 29 and 68 kilograms (65 and 150 lb). It takes about 90 days to planting to harvest.
The 'Golden Midget' has a golden rind and pink flesh when ripe, and takes 70 days to planting to harvest.
The 'Orangeglo' has a very sweet orange flesh, and is a large, oblong fruit weighing 9-14 kg (20-31 lb). It has a light green rind with jagged dark green strips. It takes about 90-100 days to planting to harvest.
The 'Moon and Stars' variety was created in 1926. The rind is purple / black and has many small yellow circles (stars) and one or two large yellow circles (moon). The melon weighs 9-23 kg (20-51 lb). The flesh is pink or red and has brown seeds. The foliage is also spotted. The time from planting to harvest is about 90 days.
The 'Cream of Saskatchewan' has small, round fruits about 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter. It has a thin, light and dark green striped rind, and sweet white flesh with black seeds. It can grow well in cool climates It was originally brought to Saskatchewan, Canada, by Russian immigrants. The melon takes 80-85 days from planting to harvest.
The 'Melitopolski' has small, round fruits roughly 28-30 cm (11-12 in) in diameter. It is an early ripening variety that originated from the Astrakhan region of Russia, an area known for cultivation of watermelons. The Melitopolski watermelons are seen in piled high by vendors in Moscow This variety takes about 95 days from planting to harvest.
The 'Densuke' watermelon has round fruit up to 11 kg (24 lb). The rind is black with no stripes or spots It is grown only on the island of Hokkaido, Japan, where up to 10,000 watermelons are produced. In June 2008, one of the first harvested watermelons sold for an auction for 650,000 yen (US $ 6,300), making it the most expensive watermelon ever sold. The average selling price is usually around 25,000 yen ($ 250).
Many cultivars are not grown commercially because of their thick rind, but seeds may be available in home gardens and specialty seed companies. This thick rind is intended for making watermelon pickles, and some old cultivars favored for this purpose include 'Tom Watson', 'Georgia Rattlesnake', and 'Black Diamond'.
Variety improvementCharles Fredric Andrus, a horticulturist at the USDA Vegetable Breeding Laboratory in Charleston, South Carolina, set out to produce a disease-resistant and wilt-resistant watermelon. The result, in 1954, was "that gray melon from Charleston". Its oblong shape and hard rind made it easy to stack and ship. Its adaptability means it can be grown on a wide geographical area. It produced high yields and was resistant to most serious watermelon diseases: anthracnose and fusarium wilt.Others were also working on disease-resistant varieties; J. M. Crall at the University of Florida produced "Jubilee" in 1963 and C. V. Hall of Kansas State University produced "Crimson sweet" the following year. These are no longer grown to any great extent, but their lineage has more developed in hybrid varieties with higher yields, better flesh quality and attractive appearance. Another purpose of plant breeders has been eliminated of the seeds which are scattered throughout the flesh. This has been achieved through the use of triploid varieties, but these are sterile, and the cost of production by the seed by crossing a tetraploid parent with a normal diploid parent is high.Today, farmers in approximately 44 states in the United States grow grow commercially. Georgia, Florida, Texas, California and Arizona are the United States' biggest watermelon producers. This is a great way to go Some small, spherical varieties of watermelon-both red- and yellow-fleshed-were sometimes called "icebox melons". The largest recorded fruit was grown in Tennessee in 2013 and weighhed 159 kilograms (351 pounds).
Production
In 2014, global production of watermelons was 111 million tons, with China alone accounting for 67% of total.Secondary producers each with less than 4% of world production included Turkey, Iran, Brazil and Egypt
Food and beveragePercentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.Source: USDA Nutrient DatabaseWatermelons are a sweet, popular fruit of summer, usually consumed fresh in slices, diced in mixed fruit salads, or as juice. Watermelon juice can be blended with other fruit juices or made in wine.The seeds have a nutty flavor and can be dried and roasted, or ground in flour. [3] In China, the seeds are eaten on Chinese New Year celebrations. In Vietnamese culture, the watermelon seeds are consumed during the New Year's holiday, Tiet, as a snack.Watermelon rinds can be eaten, but most people avoid eating them. They are used for making pickles. Sometimes eaten as a vegetable, stir-fried or stewed.The Oklahoma State Senate passed a bill in 2007 declaring watermelon as the official state vegetable, with some controversy about whether it is a vegetable or a fruit.Citrullis lanatus, variety caffer, grows wild in the Kalahari Desert, where it is known as tsamma.The fruits were used by both water and poultry, allowing for survival on a diet of tsamma for six weeks
Nutrients
Watermelon fruit is 91% water, contains 6% sugars, and is low in fat (table).
In a 100 gram serving, watermelon fruit supplies 30 calories and low amounts of essential nutrients (table). Only vitamin C is present in appreciable content at 10% of the Daily Value (table). Watermelon pulp contains carotenoids, including lycopene.
The amino acid citrulline is produced in watermelon rind
by chetram nagar
Watermelon
Fruit
Citrullus lanatus is a plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, a vine-like flowering plant originally from sub-Saharan Africa. It is cultivated for its fruit.
Watermelon Citrullus lanatus var. Lanatus is a scrambling and trailing vine in the flowering plant family Cucurbitaceae. The species originated in southern Africa, and there is evidence of its cultivation in Ancient Egypt. It is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide for its large edible fruit, also known as a watermelon, which is a special kind of berry with a hard rind and no internal division, botanically called a pepo. The sweet, juicy flesh is usually deep red to pink, with many black seeds The fruit can be eaten raw or pickled and the rind is edible after cooking.Considerable breeding has been put in disease-resistant varieties and in developing a "seedless" strain with only digestible white seeds. Many cultivars are available in 100 days of planting the crop
DescriptionWatermelon slicesThe watermelon is a large annual plant with long, weak, trailing or climbing stems, which are five-sided and up to 3 m (10 ft) long. Young growth is densely woolly with yellowish-brown hairs which disappear as the plant ages. The leaves are large, crispy, hairy pinnately-lobed and alternate; They get stiff and rough when old The plant has branching tendrils The white to yellow flowers grow singly in leaf axils and the corolla is white or yellow inside and greenish-yellow on the outside. The flowers are unisexual, with male and female flowers occurring on the same plant (monoecious). The male flowers predominate at the start of the season; The female flowers, which develop later, have inferior ovaries. The styles are united in a single column. There were large fruit this a kind OF modified berry called a pepo with a thick Rind (exocarp) and Fleshy Center (Mesokarp and Andocarp) Kwaild plants Hve fruits deputy then 20 cm (8 in) in Diametr, While Cultivated varieties My Aksseed 60 cm (24 in). The rind of the fruit is mid-to dark green and usually mottled or striped, and the flesh, containing lots of pips spread throughout, can be red or pink (most commonly), orange, yellow, green or white.
HistoryThe watermelon is a flowering plant that has been found in southern Africa, where it is found growing wild. It reached maximum genetic diversity there, with sweet, bland and bitter forms. In the 19th century, Alphonse de Candolleconsidered the watermelon to be indigenous to tropical Africa. Citrullus colocynths is often considered to be a wild ancestor of the watermelon and is now found native in North and West Africa. However, it has been suggested on the basis of chloroplast DNA investigations that the cultivated and wild watermelon diverged independently from a common ancestor, possibly C. ecirrhosus from Namibia.Evidence of its cultivation in the Nile Valley has been found from the second millennium BC onward. Watermelon seeds have been found at Twelfth Dynasty sites and in the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.In the 7th century, watermelons were being cultivated in India, and by the 10th century had reached China, which is today the world's single largest watermelon producer. The Moors introduced the fruit in Spain and there is evidence of it being cultivated in Córdoba in 961 and also in Seville in 1158. It spreads through the north of southern Europe; The fruit was started in European herbals by 1600, and was widely planted in Europe in the 17th century as a small garden crop.European colonists and slaves from Africa introduced the watermelon to the New World. Spanish settlers were growing in Florida in 1576, and it was being grown in Massachusetts by 1629, and by 1650 was being cultivated in Peru, Brazil and Panama, as well as many British and Dutch colonies. Around the same time, Native Americans were cultivating the crop in the Mississippi Valley and Florida. Watermelons were rapidly accepted in Hawaii and other Pacific islands when they were introduced by explorers such as Captain James Cook.Seedless watermelons were initially developed in 1939 by Japanese scientists who were able to make seedless triploid hybrids. Seedless watermelons became more popular in the 21st century, rising to almost 85% of total watermelon sales in the United States in 2014
CultivationWatermelons are tropical or subtropical plants and need temperatures higher than about 25 ° C (77 ° F) to thrive. On a garden scale, seeds are commonly sown in pots under cover and transplanted in well-drained sandy loam with a pH between 5.5 and 7, and medium levels of nitrogen.Major pests of the watermelon include aphids, fruit flies and root-knot nematodes. In conditions of high humidity, the plants are prone to plant diseases such as powdery mildew and mosaic virus. Some varieties are often grown in Japan and other parts of the Far East are susceptible to fusarium wilt. Grafting such varieties on disease-resistant rootstocks offers protection.Seedless watermelonThe US Department of Agriculture recommends using at least one beehive per acre (4,000 m2 per hive) for conventional, seeded varieties for commercial plantings. Seedless hybrids have sterile pollen. This requires planting pollinizer rows of varieties with viable pollen. Since the supply of viable pollen is reduced and pollination is much more critical in producing the seedless variety, the recommended number of hives per acre (pollinator density) increases to three hives per acre (1,300 m2 per hive). Watermelons have a longer growing period than other melons, and can often take 85 days or more from the time of transplanting for the fruit to mature.Farmers of the Zentsuji region of Japan found a way to grow cubic watermelons by growing the fruits in metal and glass boxes and making them receptacle.The cubic shape was originally designed to make the melons easier to stack and store, but Cubic watermelons may be triple the price of the normal ones, so the appeal to be largely to wealthy urban consumers. Pyramid-shaped watermelons have also been developed and any polyhedral shape may be potentially used
VarietiesThe more than 1200 cultivars of watermelon range in weight from less than 1 kg to more than 90 kilograms (200 lb); The flesh can be red, pink, orange, yellow or white
The 'Carolina Cross' produced the current world record for heaviest watermelon, weighing 159 kilograms (351 pounds). It has green skin, red flesh and commonly produces fruit between 29 and 68 kilograms (65 and 150 lb). It takes about 90 days to planting to harvest.
The 'Golden Midget' has a golden rind and pink flesh when ripe, and takes 70 days to planting to harvest.
The 'Orangeglo' has a very sweet orange flesh, and is a large, oblong fruit weighing 9-14 kg (20-31 lb). It has a light green rind with jagged dark green strips. It takes about 90-100 days to planting to harvest.
The 'Moon and Stars' variety was created in 1926. The rind is purple / black and has many small yellow circles (stars) and one or two large yellow circles (moon). The melon weighs 9-23 kg (20-51 lb). The flesh is pink or red and has brown seeds. The foliage is also spotted. The time from planting to harvest is about 90 days.
The 'Cream of Saskatchewan' has small, round fruits about 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter. It has a thin, light and dark green striped rind, and sweet white flesh with black seeds. It can grow well in cool climates It was originally brought to Saskatchewan, Canada, by Russian immigrants. The melon takes 80-85 days from planting to harvest.
The 'Melitopolski' has small, round fruits roughly 28-30 cm (11-12 in) in diameter. It is an early ripening variety that originated from the Astrakhan region of Russia, an area known for cultivation of watermelons. The Melitopolski watermelons are seen in piled high by vendors in Moscow This variety takes about 95 days from planting to harvest.
The 'Densuke' watermelon has round fruit up to 11 kg (24 lb). The rind is black with no stripes or spots It is grown only on the island of Hokkaido, Japan, where up to 10,000 watermelons are produced. In June 2008, one of the first harvested watermelons sold for an auction for 650,000 yen (US $ 6,300), making it the most expensive watermelon ever sold. The average selling price is usually around 25,000 yen ($ 250).
Many cultivars are not grown commercially because of their thick rind, but seeds may be available in home gardens and specialty seed companies. This thick rind is intended for making watermelon pickles, and some old cultivars favored for this purpose include 'Tom Watson', 'Georgia Rattlesnake', and 'Black Diamond'.
Variety improvementCharles Fredric Andrus, a horticulturist at the USDA Vegetable Breeding Laboratory in Charleston, South Carolina, set out to produce a disease-resistant and wilt-resistant watermelon. The result, in 1954, was "that gray melon from Charleston". Its oblong shape and hard rind made it easy to stack and ship. Its adaptability means it can be grown on a wide geographical area. It produced high yields and was resistant to most serious watermelon diseases: anthracnose and fusarium wilt.Others were also working on disease-resistant varieties; J. M. Crall at the University of Florida produced "Jubilee" in 1963 and C. V. Hall of Kansas State University produced "Crimson sweet" the following year. These are no longer grown to any great extent, but their lineage has more developed in hybrid varieties with higher yields, better flesh quality and attractive appearance. Another purpose of plant breeders has been eliminated of the seeds which are scattered throughout the flesh. This has been achieved through the use of triploid varieties, but these are sterile, and the cost of production by the seed by crossing a tetraploid parent with a normal diploid parent is high.Today, farmers in approximately 44 states in the United States grow grow commercially. Georgia, Florida, Texas, California and Arizona are the United States' biggest watermelon producers. This is a great way to go Some small, spherical varieties of watermelon-both red- and yellow-fleshed-were sometimes called "icebox melons". The largest recorded fruit was grown in Tennessee in 2013 and weighhed 159 kilograms (351 pounds).
Production
In 2014, global production of watermelons was 111 million tons, with China alone accounting for 67% of total.Secondary producers each with less than 4% of world production included Turkey, Iran, Brazil and Egypt
Food and beveragePercentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.Source: USDA Nutrient DatabaseWatermelons are a sweet, popular fruit of summer, usually consumed fresh in slices, diced in mixed fruit salads, or as juice. Watermelon juice can be blended with other fruit juices or made in wine.The seeds have a nutty flavor and can be dried and roasted, or ground in flour. [3] In China, the seeds are eaten on Chinese New Year celebrations. In Vietnamese culture, the watermelon seeds are consumed during the New Year's holiday, Tiet, as a snack.Watermelon rinds can be eaten, but most people avoid eating them. They are used for making pickles. Sometimes eaten as a vegetable, stir-fried or stewed.The Oklahoma State Senate passed a bill in 2007 declaring watermelon as the official state vegetable, with some controversy about whether it is a vegetable or a fruit.Citrullis lanatus, variety caffer, grows wild in the Kalahari Desert, where it is known as tsamma.The fruits were used by both water and poultry, allowing for survival on a diet of tsamma for six weeks
Nutrients
Watermelon fruit is 91% water, contains 6% sugars, and is low in fat (table).
In a 100 gram serving, watermelon fruit supplies 30 calories and low amounts of essential nutrients (table). Only vitamin C is present in appreciable content at 10% of the Daily Value (table). Watermelon pulp contains carotenoids, including lycopene.
The amino acid citrulline is produced in watermelon rind
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